Analysis and optimization of tendinous actuation for biomorphically designed robotic systems

We present a general framework for modeling a class of mechanical systems for robotic manipulation, consisting of articulated limbs with redundant tendinous actuation and unilateral constraints. Such systems, that include biomorphically designed devices, are regarded as a collection of rigid bodies, interacting through connections that model both joints and contacts with virtual springs. Methods previously developed for the analysis of force distribution in multiple whole-limb manipulation are generalized to this broader class of mechanisms, and are shown to provide a basis for the control of co–contraction and internal forces that guarantee proper operation of the system. In particular, in the presence of constraints such as those due to limited friction between surfaces or object fragility, the choice of tendon tensions is crucial to the success of manipulation. An algorithm is described that allows to evaluate efficiently set–points for the control of tendon actuators that “optimally” (in a sense to be described) comply with the given constraints.